Martial arts

Martial arts

combat sport, sparring, combat training, self-defence

Martial arts is a form of structured training that uses techniques like striking, kicking, blocking, and grappling to build fitness, discipline, and practical skill.

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What are martial arts?

Martial arts includes a wide range of striking, grappling, and mixed styles built around technique, control, and discipline. That can mean a traditional style like karate, a combat sport like boxing, or a blended style like MMA. Each one can help develop coordination, timing, and control under pressure.

Some people start for self-defence or fitness. Others are drawn to the structure, the learning, and the challenge of getting better at something that takes practice and patience. Most martial arts classes include foundational techniques, drills, and a chance to practise what you’ve learned in a controlled way.

You do not need to be naturally tough or athletic to begin. Martial arts is for people who are willing to learn, practise, and stick with it. As you spend more time with it, you may notice changes not just in strength or stamina, but in your timing, your confidence, and how you handle yourself day to day.

Curious what a first class might be like? Read on.

The best way to learn about it is to try it

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Wellbeing benefits

Why martial arts is good for you

Martial arts can improve your fitness, make you quicker to react, and affect how you hold yourself. With regular training, many people notice gains in strength, coordination, and confidence, along with better control in intense moments.

A controlled study found that adults with at least two years of martial arts practice performed better on the Attention Network Test, and those with more training showed stronger alerting scores, suggesting martial arts can improve focus and concentration under pressure (Johnstone & Marí-Beffa, 2018).

A meta-analysis of Taekwondo studies found moderate-to-large improvements in character and etiquette, which are closely linked to self-esteem and self-concept, suggesting martial arts can strengthen a person’s sense of self-worth over time (Kim et al., 2021).

A systematic review found that martial arts improved VO₂ max, cardiovascular fitness, and metabolic health across karate, kick-boxing, and judo groups, suggesting it can provide a strong form of vigorous exercise in a single practice (Origua Rios et al., 2017).

A survey of 543 Polish martial arts practitioners found that competitive participants reported higher physical and psychological vitality than recreational practitioners, suggesting martial arts can support stronger day-to-day energy as well as overall physical and mental drive (Kotarska et al., 2019).

Close-contact martial arts training has been linked to immediate rises in oxytocin, and a Taekwondo meta-analysis also found small but meaningful gains in sociality, suggesting martial arts can help build connection and camaraderie over time (Rassovsky et al., 2019; Kim et al., 2021).

Common styles

As you explore martial arts, you’ll notice there are many different styles, each with their own approach. Some centre around striking, others around grappling, and some combine both. Here are a few of the most common starting points:

A striking-based style centred on punches, footwork and head movement. It’s a direct way to improve cardio fitness, coordination and timing. Often trained for fitness as well as competition.

A grappling-based style that focuses on controlling an opponent and using submissions. It relies on technique and leverage, so size and strength matter less than positioning and timing. Common in both self-defence and sport settings.

A striking style from Thailand that uses punches, kicks, elbows and knees. Sessions often involve pad work, drills and conditioning. Known for its physical intensity and straightforward approach.

A traditional Japanese style known for structured forms (kata), controlled movements and discipline. Training often includes drills, patterns and light sparring. Common for beginners and widely available.

A combined style that includes striking, grappling and wrestling. Training usually mixes different techniques in one session. Often associated with competition, but many people train it for fitness and skill development.

Ways in

Self-led, one-on-one, or in a group

Whether you go it alone, join a group, or work 1:1 with a teacher, we’ve laid out what each path can look like.

Self-ledOne-on-oneGroup

Recommendation for first-timer

3rd pick

Recommendation for first-timer Self-led

Fine if you are curious and want to get a feel for the basics, but without real-time feedback, it is hard to learn technique well, and there is no partner work or correction if something is off.

2nd pick

Recommendation for first-timer One-on-one

A good option if you want more personal support, need training adapted around injury, or feel unsure about joining a class. It gives you more individual attention.

1st pick

Recommendation for first-timer Group

This is usually the best place to start. Many martial arts schools welcome beginners, and group classes give you structure, guidance, and a more realistic feel for how training works.

Availability

Moderately

Availability Self-led

This is easy to access, since you can start at home with videos or beginner guides online. But you are learning on your own, without correction, partner work, or much sense of how a class actually runs.

Moderately

Availability One-on-one

This can be a good option, but it is usually less available than group classes as a standard starting point. Private coaching is often something you find once you know the gym, coach, or style you want.

Widely

Availability Group

This is usually the most available way to start martial arts properly. Many gyms and clubs run beginner classes, especially in common styles like boxing, karate, Muay Thai, and BJJ, so in many areas there is a good chance you will find a realistic entry point nearby.

Average cost per session

Free or low cost

Average cost per session Self-led

This is usually the cheapest option, and often free if you are using beginner content online.

Expensive

Average cost per session One-on-one

Private sessions usually cost much more per session than group classes, especially with experienced instructors or more specialised coaching.

Moderate costs

Average cost per session Group

Group classes are often paid through memberships, packs, or weekly fees, which usually makes them the most affordable way to get proper instruction.

Special equipment required

None or minimal

Special equipment required Self-led

You can start with very little if you are only doing basic drills or shadowboxing. If you want more than that, a few pieces of equipment, like gloves, a second-hand boxing bag, or a mat for floor work, can help.

Some with costs

Special equipment required One-on-one

Similar to group training, but you may need your own gear sooner, especially if sessions include pad work, drilling, or more tailored practice.

Some with costs

Special equipment required Group

Depending on the style, you may need gloves, a mouthguard, shin guards, a uniform, or other basic gear. Many gyms let beginners start with very little and add equipment over time.

Potential for socialisation & community

Mostly solo

Potential for socialisation & community Self-led

Doing it on your own means missing a big part of martial arts, the shared training space, the coach, and the partner work that makes training engaging.

Social potential

Potential for socialisation & community One-on-one

1:1 work builds a strong rapport with your instructor, but misses peer interaction unless part of a broader school or dojo.

Highly social

Potential for socialisation & community Group

Group classes give you the full social side of training, with coaches, training partners, and a sense of being part of the class. For many people, that is one of the reasons they keep coming back.

Safety & skill building

Mixed results

Safety & skill building Self-led

On your own, it is hard to tell if your technique is safe or effective. You also miss the controlled partner work and feedback that help build skill.

Safe & fast

Safety & skill building One-on-one

Private sessions offer close attention to your needs, form and pace. A good choice for injury prevention or returning after a break.

Safe & fast

Safety & skill building Group

Trained instructors guide you safely and correct your form. Most schools follow clear protocols to build skill safely over time.

Space or privacy required

Minimal

Space or privacy required Self-led

If you are following beginner drills or practising movements on your own, you usually just need a small clear space at home and enough privacy to move without worrying about other people.

Some required

Space or privacy required One-on-one

You may train at a gym or at home with an instructor. Offers flexibility and greater privacy.

Some required

Space or privacy required Group

Group classes are held in shared spaces with instructors and peers. Less private but more immersive.

Ease of scheduling

Very flexible

Ease of scheduling Self-led

Flexible, you choose when and how to practise.

Need to plan

Ease of scheduling One-on-one

You’ll need to book appointments in advance for lessons, but but teachers may offer flexible options.

Need to plan

Ease of scheduling Group

Group classes are scheduled, requiring you to fit into the group's timeline.

Setup time

Little to none

Setup time Self-led

If you are practising on your own, setup is usually just getting changed, clearing a bit of space, and starting.

Little to none

Setup time One-on-one

Once you are there, setup is usually quick. Add more time if you need to travel.

Up to 30 mins

Setup time Group

You may need to change, put on any required gear, and be ready to join the class when it starts.

Active practice time

Up to 30 mins

Active practice time Self-led

You decide how long to practise, from 15 minutes of basic drills to a longer session.

Up to an hour

Active practice time One-on-one

Private sessions are often between 30 and 60 minutes and can include more detailed feedback throughout.

Up to an hour

Active practice time Group

Group classes usually run for 45–60 minutes. You might want to allow a little extra if you enjoy socialising before or after a class.

Unexpected advantages

Actually useful

Unexpected advantages Self-led

Practising even basic moves or shadow sparring at home can boost your coordination and body awareness.

Wholesome

Unexpected advantages One-on-one

You can talk through the parts that are holding you back and work through it with a pace that suits you.

Wholesome

Unexpected advantages Group

You are guaranteed to get some laughs and learning with misfires, mishaps and just the sheer effort of it all.

Academic research we rate

  1. Martial Arts Research: Weak Evidence—Response

    Adele Diamond, Kathleen LeeScience2011

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    Diamond, A., & Lee, K. (2011). Martial Arts Research: Weak Evidence—Response. Science, 334(6054), 311–311. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.334.6054.311-a

  2. The Psychosocial Effects of Taekwondo Training: A Meta-Analysis

    Yu-Jin Kim, Seung-Hui Baek, Jong-Beom Park, Sang-Hwan Choi, Jae-Don Lee, Sang-Seok NamInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health2021

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    Kim, Y.-J., Baek, S.-H., Park, J.-B., Choi, S.-H., Lee, J.-D., & Nam, S.-S. (2021). The Psychosocial Effects of Taekwondo Training: A Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21), 11427. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111427

  3. Effects of martial arts and combat sports training on anger and aggression: A systematic review

    Jorge Carlos Lafuente, Marta Zubiaur, Carlos Gutiérrez-GarcíaAggression and Violent Behavior2021

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    Lafuente, J. C., Zubiaur, M., & Gutiérrez-García, C. (2021). Effects of martial arts and combat sports training on anger and aggression: A systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 58, 101611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2021.101611

  4. Health benefits of hard martial arts in adults: a systematic review

    Sandra Origua Rios, Jennifer Marks, Isaac Estevan, Lisa M. BarnettJournal of Sports Sciences2018

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    Origua Rios, S., Marks, J., Estevan, I., & Barnett, L. M. (2017). Health benefits of hard martial arts in adults: a systematic review. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(14), 1614–1622. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1406297

  5. The effect of martial arts training on mental health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

    Brian Moore, Dean Dudley, Stuart WoodcockJournal of bodywork and movement therapies2020

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    Moore, B., Dudley, D., & Woodcock, S. (2020). The effect of martial arts training on mental health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 24(4), 402–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.06.017

Show all 9 studiesShow fewer studies
  1. Martial Arts and Metabolic Diseases

    Hidetaka HamasakiSports2016

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    Hamasaki, H. (2016). Martial Arts and Metabolic Diseases. Sports, 4(2), 28. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports4020028

  2. Application of Sport Psychology to Mixed Martial Arts

    Alexandro Andrade, Rodrigo Batalha Silva, Fábio Hech DominskiKinesiology2020

    Full citationHide citation

    Andrade, A., Batalha Silva, R., & Dominski, F. H. (2020). Application of sport psychology to mixed martial arts. Kinesiology, 52(1), 94–102. https://doi.org/10.26582/k.52.1.12

  3. The Effects of Martial Arts Training on Attentional Networks in Typical Adults

    Ashleigh Johnstone, Paloma Marí-BeffaFrontiers in Psychology2018

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    Johnstone, A., & Marí-Beffa, P. (2018). The Effects of Martial Arts Training on Attentional Networks in Typical Adults. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00080

  4. Levels of Physical Activity and Psychological Well-Being in Non-Athletes and Martial Art Athletes during the COVID-19 Pandemic

    Armando Monterrosa Quintero, Ana Rita Echeverri Rios, Juan Pedro Fuentes-Garcia, Juan Carlos Gonzalez SanchezInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health2022

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    Monterrosa Quintero, A., Echeverri Rios, A. R., Fuentes-Garcia, J. P., & Gonzalez Sanchez, J. C. (2022). Levels of Physical Activity and Psychological Well-Being in Non-Athletes and Martial Art Athletes during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(7), 4004. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074004

Safety

You might be getting ready for your first martial arts class, or just wondering what that first step looks like. Before you learn your first stance, drill, or combination, there are a few useful things to know. Martial arts is not just about fighting. It also involves learning technique, control, and how to handle pressure. This section will give you a better sense of what to expect and how to start safely.

  • Listen to your body, start gradually and practise with care to minimise risks. If you are pregnant or have a health condition, we recommend consulting with your healthcare provider.
  • Start slow and learn proper technique before increasing intensity. Martial arts can put strain on joints and muscles if your form is off or you push too hard too soon.
  • Use protective equipment where needed. Depending on the style, this may include mouthguards, hand wraps, gloves, shin pads or headgear.
  • Remove jewellery and follow the instructor’s guidance around contact, sparring and partner drills.

What you might experience

You walk into the class and see people warming up, stretching, or moving through drills with confidence. You might wonder if you’re the only beginner. You’re not. It can feel awkward at first, especially when everyone else seems to know where to stand and what comes next.

Your first class might start with basic footwork, stances, or simple combinations. At first, even small movements can take more thought than expected. You’re not just throwing punches or copying kicks. You’re learning where your hands go, how your feet move, and how to stay balanced while doing it.

Even beginner drills can be tiring. You might be moving more than you expected, using muscles you do not normally think about, and concentrating the whole time. It can feel clumsy, physical, and mentally tiring all at once.

At some point, one part of it feels a little less awkward. Maybe your stance feels more stable, or a drill starts to flow a bit better. You’re still new, but you’re not quite as lost as you were at the start.

The class wraps up, and you realise you have done something new, physical, and a little outside your comfort zone. You might feel tired, a bit sore, and proud that you gave it a go. That is a good way to start.

What martial arts look like

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